In Praise of Foreign Moods
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In Praise of Foreign Moods
Published in The Daily Record August 2, 2010
Justice Thomas has said,[1] while ignoring the views of other countries about some aspect of criminal punishment, that courts should not “impose foreign moods, fads, or fashions on Americans.” Justice Scalia quoted the phrase[2] to resist decriminalization of homosexuality. How far we have come from the words of Thomas Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence extolling “a decent respect to the opinions of mankind”![3]
To me it’s obvious that we should attend to what other countries do and think – just as they should be looking at us. Nobody’s too dumb to teach or too smart to learn. American “exceptionalism” rarely has much to recommend it. Two recent news stories have illustrated that for me.
But first – a story of my own. When I was four my mother and I were guests at a Carmelite monastery for a month. I was told before we arrived that all the nuns would be veiled, and you could not see their faces, though at the time we were welcomed the mother superior took the veil away so as not to frighten me. The rest of the time I did not see any of their faces, or, I guess, much else of them. I’m sure there were some in that era, inclined to view “Papists” with distrust, who heartily disapproved and found the Carmelites’ habit a little sinister. But surely nobody seriously considered telling the good nuns they couldn’t dress that way.
I thought of this experience when reading about France’s headlong drive to ban the burqa, a similar form of garb: a religiously-inspired complete covering of the body and face of a woman. I am quite certain that even with our nation’s current conflicts with Muslim zealots and, some say, with Islam itself, such a ban would run smack up against the Free Exercise clause of our First Amendment. We might require driver’s license photos or make other reasonable exceptions, but we wouldn’t forbid the burqa outright. That kind of garb just never has been and never would be a big deal here. But France is making an issue of it.
There has been excellent blogging on the subject by Martha Nussbaum on the New York Times website,[4] which I shall not attempt to duplicate or summarize. But among other things, Nussbaum points out the subtle differences in U.S. and French constitutional culture which enable the different results. The U.S. First Amendment is neutral, not only among religions, but also between religion and atheism. French law, on other other hand, is vigilant to shield the nation from the heavy hand of religion, and while atheism is not compelled, it is protected in a way that faith is not. For France to legislate against religious observance is acceptable in a way it would never be here.
Meanwhile, there is a strong sense that the state has a right to compel newcomers to adopt culturally French ways. We Americans flirt with formally requiring English; this is mild compared with what France does, exerting many legally permissible pressures on French immigrants to assimilate. Perhaps not surprisingly, it doesn’t succeed all that well. Blame the heavy-handedness, plus the unwillingness to have immigrants add their own flavors to French culture. By contrast, every group that comes to the U.S. ends up culturally American in a couple of generations, but enlarges and amends what it means to be American in the process. Accepting that amendment is part of America’s secret of success.
The moral? France would do well to study and internalize some American First Amendment values. It’s going to do no damage to France to have the occasional burqa on the street. (French police estimate there are perhaps 2,000 burqa wearers in the country.) The refusal to allow it may well cost lives, and paradoxically slow down the integration of Muslim immigrants into the French mainstream.
We too have things to learn. We received a subtle rebuke from the Swiss courts three weeks ago, when they set Roman Polanski free. (If you just came in, Polanski, a renowned director, raped a 13 year old in 1977, and served 42 days before being released, but fled when it seemed likely the judge was going to go back on a promise to give no more jail time. He has lived and worked since in countries where he felt safe from extradition. Switzerland had seized him, however, to entertain an extradition request.)
The stated reason the Swiss gave for freeing Polanski was that the authorities seeking Polanski’s expatriation had failed to provide transcripts of testimony by a prosecutor concerning sentencing negotiations at the time of the original trial. The transcripts would likely have confirmed the contours of the original sentencing deal, relevant under Swiss extradition law, but also, not coincidentally, relevant to the whole reason Polanski had run. In other words, the Swiss would not turn over Polanski without paying some heed to the judicial misconduct.
The Los Angeles prosecutors had been trying to put issues in the opposite order: Polanski’s fugitive status here and now, the judicial bad faith to be resolved later, maybe. This order envisioned Polanski as burdened with an ineradicable stain that blotted out his own claim for justice – at least in the extradition proceeding. The Continental view shies away from this rigidity, and the Swiss ruling echoed it.
The Europeans have the better of this difference. However bad what the Polanski of 1977 did was – and it was – you cannot punish him. He no longer exists, worn away by half a lifetime of subsequent experiences and choices. The offender escaped, and in truth cannot be recaptured, even if today’s Roman Polanski were put in prison.
The real question was much more complex: how do you respond to demands to put in jeopardy of imprisonment a man who a) committed a serious crime 33 years ago but has done nothing similar since; b) was apparently the victim of an intended judicial doublecross that might or might not be rectified were the fugitive rendered up; c) has been making a major creative contribution to society; and d) whose victim has publicly stated she wants the matter dropped?
Long ago the Continental view was crystallized in Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables. To the implacable Inspector Javert, once Jean Valjean had committed a crime, he had placed himself in a category from which he could never escape, come what might, and he needed to be pursued and exiled from society. However admirable Javert’s zeal for the law, he remains the villain of the piece, and Valjean the hero. The correct moral calculus, in Hugo’s view, rested on the totality of circumstances, not broad and rigid categories. Javert’s villainy stemmed directly from his inability to see matters that way.
There is something awfully Javert-ish, and not all that atypical of U.S. law enforcement, about the way the Los Angeles prosecutors are behaving this time. And it looks as if the Swiss court saw that, and called them on it. I suspect most Europeans who cared were cheering them on.
A teachable moment, if those prosecutors are willing to learn.
As I say, we should all be learning from each other.
Copyright (c) Jack L. B. Gohn
[1]. Foster v. Florida, 537 U.S. 990 Note, 123 S.Ct. 470 Note (2002) (Thomas, J. concurring).
[2]. Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558, 597, 123 S.Ct. 2472, 2495 (2003) (Scalia, J. dissenting).
[3]. In fairness, there is no suggestion by either Thomas or Scalia that they would consider it illegitimate for legislatures or members of the executive branch to consider foreign examples. The rule of disregard they would urge probably would affect just the courts. The Continental Congress which promulgated the Declaration was more akin to a legislature than to a court. But even granting the distinction, the difference in tone describing foreign outlooks (Thomas belittling, Jefferson respectful) is unsettling.
[4]. See http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/11/veiled-threats/?scp=1&sq=nussbaum%20burqa&st=Search and http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/15/beyond-the-veil-a-response/?scp=2&sq=nussbaum%20burqa&st=Search
I am rigidly and unalterably opposed to giving Polanski a pass on this, and the Swiss (and the French) should be ashamed. If it had been your 13 year old daughter he had plied with drugs and alcohol and raped in a hot tub, i think your views would more closely mirror mine than those you have expressed as a matter of a teachable moment. That he is a big name, award winning film maker, that the victim has grown up and wishes the matter dropped are irrelevant. He committed a heinous act and fled the jurisdiction. If it should ever come to pass that he falls into U.S. hands, he should be locked up until the day he draws his last breath or at least until he serves the maximum term for his crime. Jean Valjean stole a loaf of bread because he was poor and hungry in the fictional world of Hugo’s novel. Roman Polanski is a child rapist in the real world. I find no parallel between them.
If it had been my daughter, it would have been completely wrong for me to sit in judgment on him. And in general, it is wrong to sanction criminal behavior thinking only about the perspective of the victim. But even there, I note an inconsistency in your argument. Here the perspective of the victim is that Polanski should not be extradited or imprisoned further. You say her perspective is “irrelevant,” while you elevate the notional, hypothetical perspective of the rape victim’s dad to the status of the only consideration. The dad’s perspective thus seems to count for more than the perspective of the rape victim herself. Explain why, please.
Of course, you are correct that the original crime of the fictional Valjean pales by comparison to that of the real-life Polanski. That does not rob the comparison of all force. I was not saying or suggesting that their crimes were of comparable magnitude. Rather, I was saying that the Continental perspective seems to be that you have to look at a lot of factors, and can’t be rigid about it. And that is indeed a lesson of Hugo’s novel applicable to Polanski’s situation.
Thanks for reading and commenting.
Roman Polanski is a child molester that is for sure`.;
Roman Polanski is a child molester and that is for sure`’`
i thin that Roman Polanski should not only be jailed but he should be hanged ..